Complex Correlation Method Identifies Efficacy of One-week Mindfulness Training in College Students

Fatimah Alani1, Shiza Saleem1, Bayan Obeid1, Yasser Kassar1, Nadia Rabeh1, Carl Kassab1, Rajan Prasad1, Herbert F. Jelinek2, Zakia Dimassi1
1Khalifa University, 2Khalifa University of Science and Technology


Abstract

Background: College students face a variety of stressors, including academic pressure, social challenges, and financial concerns. Mindfulness based intervention (MBI) may be a useful tool for reducing stress in this population. A recent technique is a combination of diaphragmatic breathing and adding a self-reflecting mantra as part of compassion mindfulness training (CMT). Limited information is available on the characteristics of individuals who use (CMT). Methods: This project investigated the use of CMT in a group of college students enrolled in engineering to reduce stress and anxiety. Forty students were recruited and answered the depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire (DASS-21) prior and following 1 week of CMT. Heart rate was recorded for 5 minutes prior to CMT and following CMT. HRV features were computed and included time, frequency and nonlinear domain as well as multiscale characteristics of the HRV – Multiscale Complex Correlation Method (msCCM). Results: Our results indicate significant improvements (p≤0.05) in DASS-21 for stress (15.9±9.9 vs 8.9±7.4), anxiety (15.3±8.9 vs 8.7±7.7) and depression (10.4±8 vs 7.1±6.7). Very Low Frequency power (VLF 0.970±0.432 vs 1.224±0.487; p=0.003) increased as did msCCM for scales 1 to 8 (scale 1: 0.1582±0.0400 vs 0.1761±0.0424; p=0.01) following CMT indicating an improvement in HRV. However, The time (RMSSD 64.955±22.008 vs 55.851±20.826; p=0.03), and the nonlinear (SD1: 0.046±0.016 vs 0.039±0.015; p=0.03) HRV features contradict this by indicating a lower parasympathetic influence synonymous with increased psychophysiological stress. Conclusion: The research outcomes indicate the beneficial effect of a short, use-as-required one week self-compassion mindfulness training on engineering students based on DASS-21 results but the HRV results need further investigation. HRV results are dependent on a multitude of factors including time of day and for students most important examination stress. For the current research most students completed the trial close to the final semester examinations.