Development of a Ring-Shaped Pulse Oximeter to Analyse Angle Dependency in SpO2 Estimation

Lara J Reichelt1, Idoia Badiola1, Vladimir Blazek1, Steffen K Leonhardt1, Markus Johannes Lüken2
1RWTH Aachen University, 2Medical Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University


Abstract

Aims: This work aimed to analyse the angle dependency of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) estimation with photoplethysmography (PPG), a noninva-sive method typically using two light-emitting diodes (LED) and a photodi-ode (PD). A device-specific, geometry-dependent calibration curve, which correlates the Ratio-of-modulation (R) with SpO2 values, is commonly es-tablished using linear regression, where the R-value is defined as the ratio of the quotients of pulsatile to non-pulsatile components of the PPG signals for red and infrared light. Methods: A ring-shaped PPG sensor with an integrated optoelectronic system was developed using a 660 nm and a 940 nm LED and four PDs at different angles (40°, 45°, 90°, and 135°). The sensor was controlled with an Arduino Nano using a photometric ADPD105 front-end. We performed a hypoxia study to induce SpO2 values between 100 % and 85 % on five young healthy subjects. PPG data from the ring-shaped sensor and SpO2 data from a reference pulse oximeter were collected and analysed using MATLAB. Results: The measurements showed high inter-individual variability of the signal quality due to the inadequate fitting of the ring to the individual finger morphology. However, results from good-quality signals showed a clear angle dependency: transmissive configurations at 90° presented con-ventional R-values between 0.4 and 1 for SpO2 values between 100 % and 85 %, and reflective configurations at 45° showed R-values between 1 and 1.4. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the differences in SpO2 estimation for transmissive and reflective configurations of PPG. However, for further research, it is recommended that the ring-shaped sensors be customised for each subject to increase signal quality and comparable PPG data from dif-ferent angles. The analysis of the data collected with the improved setup could yield a significant advance in understanding the origin of PPG signals and enhancing its accuracy in clinical settings.