Geo-DONet: A Geometry-Informed Neural Operator for Efficient Electrophysiology Simulation in Cardiac Digital Twins

Dongcheng Cang1, Yilin Lyu1, Jagmohan Chauhan2, Ching-Hui Sia3, Lei Li4
1National University of Singapore, 2UCL, 3National University Heart Centre Singapore, 4NUS


Abstract

Efficient electrophysiology simulation is critical for cardiac digital twins, yet clinical adoption remains limited by computational costs. Existing neural surrogate frameworks offer fast inference but are restricted to scalar activation-time prediction on single-ventricle geometries, discarding the action potential morphology that shapes ECG waveforms. To the best of our knowledge, no deep learning method has directly mapped patient-specific biventricular anatomy to full transmembrane voltage dynamics and onward to 12-lead ECG. In this study, we propose Geo-DONet, a geometry-parameterized deep operator network extended to 12-lead ECG prediction via a temporal-convolutional block. Validated on 125 biventricular geometries against the monodomain formulation, our model achieved a mean absolute error for transmembrane potential of 3.64~mV and a Pearson correlation of 0.83 for 12-lead ECG prediction, with an inference time of 290~ms vs 54~minutes on 128 cores for traditional solvers. This framework provides a scalable foundation for real-time, patient-specific EP simulation.