From Compression to Precision: The Role of Bottleneck Dimensionality in PPG Reconstruction

Jakob Petter Botvidsson, Valentina Corino, Luca Mainardi
Politecnico Di Milano


Abstract

Efficient analysis of photoplethysmography (PPG) signals is essential for wearable monitoring, but it remains unclear how much physiological information is preserved in low-dimensional representations especially when DL architectures like autoencoders are used. The latent space of an autoencoder determines how much physiological information is preserved when compressing a PPG signal. We trained a multi-scale convolutional autoencoder with temporal attention on 30-second PPG segments from the MIMIC-III finger oximeter dataset (N=5,074). We systematically varied the bottleneck dimension (d=8 to 72) and loss function (MSE vs. MAE). Generalizability was evaluated on an internal test set and an external wrist-worn dataset (Simband, N=292). Performance was assessed via reconstruction MSE and stratified results by heart rhythm (NSR, AF, PAC/PVC), heart rate and patient was analyzed. Reconstruction error improved consistently with larger bottleneck dimensions, with MSE decreasing from 0.0415 at d=8 to 0.0117 at d=72 on MIMIC-III. However, performance gains gradually diminished beyond d=48. For the best performing model, AF segments showed significantly higher error that PAC/PVC (p_corrected = 0.040) on the MIMIC test set and across both datasets patient-level variability in reconstruction quality dropped substantially as dimension increased (inter-subject standard deviation from 0.0102 at d=8 to 0.0019 at d=72). Reconstruction quality improves with larger bottleneck dimensions, though gains diminish beyond d=48. Smaller dimensions produce higher error and greater patient-level variability. While larger bottlenecks improve consistency across heterogeneous subgroups, the additional benefit at higher dimensions must be weighed against the cost of reduced compression.